Lets discuss on refinery inspection properties there are nearly 100+ RIP properties where petroleum industries are more interested for their different purposes.
Crude Charecterization purposes (Eg: Watson K factor to define paraffinic nature, Aniline point - content of aromatic compounds)
Transportation purposes(Eg: Flash point, Fire point,Pour Point) and
Quality purposes (ON,CN ) etc
There are various equations and limitations provided by API petroleum procedures.
Some of them are listed below:
API Procedure 2B12.1 for Cloud Point(CP).
API Procedure 2B8.1 for Pour Point(PP).
API Procedure 2B14.2 for interaction of CP and PP.
These procedures mostly depends on MABP (mean average boiling point) . Kinematic viscosity and specific gravity.
If we talk in simulation percpective for finding out these RIPs of a mixtures (eg: say crudes) selection of right mixing rule is also important.
Eg: Some mixing rules are Index Method, Factor Method and Summation Method. various organizations may also have there own way of mixing rule with some additional constants.
Any way apart from that 100+ RIPs first come to our minds i.e gasoline related those are RON and MON gasoline knocking characteristics properties.
I don't want to give octane number definition. here i am trying to explain the importance of the RIP.
But hint: it is _______ of _______ n-heptane(0 ON)+i octane (100 ON) which exactly gives_______ knocking characteristics.
These are nothing but acronym of research octane number (RON) and Motor octane number(MON) which are indication parameters of knocking. These are basically a "standard methods" which are calculated by using different engine speeds,air intake and coolant temperature for finding out ON.
So care will be taken by considering these factors (Engine speed, coolant temperature etc ) - Don't bother about these points refineries will take care based on climatic conditions, there will be difference in gasoline parameters that they release to market called summer gasoline or winter gasoline.
Research method is for city driving (means generally at lower say 600 to 650 rpm ) and Motor method is for highway driving(higher rpm say 1000 rpm).
In US gasoline outlets the values will be stipulated by taking average of these numbers from which we can define another parameter called AKI(Anti knocking index).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gas_Station_Pump_Five_Octane_Ratings.jpg
There are some standards stipulated by ASTM standards on finding out RON and MON.
IS standards you can refer below link:
https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S11/is.1448.26.1960.txt
Some additives will be added to boost up these numbers if that additives contain lead (TEL) the gasoline is called leaded gasoline or leaded petrol. many countries banned because of damage that causes by lead.
other additives like MTBE used which doesn't have lead it is called "unleaded gasoline"
Why additives because straight run gasoline will have an octane number of 60 to 70 but desired number will be 90 to 100 so additives will fill this gap.
Note: Some Unsaturated HC will have high octane number but not preferred because it is prone to gum formation. don't just confuse. good ON will have good amount of saturates (branched chains) with ON boosters....
Regards,
Mohana krishna Chitikena,
QAE(Thermodynamic Studies)
ChE from AU
Crude Charecterization purposes (Eg: Watson K factor to define paraffinic nature, Aniline point - content of aromatic compounds)
Transportation purposes(Eg: Flash point, Fire point,Pour Point) and
Quality purposes (ON,CN ) etc
There are various equations and limitations provided by API petroleum procedures.
Some of them are listed below:
API Procedure 2B12.1 for Cloud Point(CP).
API Procedure 2B8.1 for Pour Point(PP).
API Procedure 2B14.2 for interaction of CP and PP.
These procedures mostly depends on MABP (mean average boiling point) . Kinematic viscosity and specific gravity.
If we talk in simulation percpective for finding out these RIPs of a mixtures (eg: say crudes) selection of right mixing rule is also important.
Eg: Some mixing rules are Index Method, Factor Method and Summation Method. various organizations may also have there own way of mixing rule with some additional constants.
Any way apart from that 100+ RIPs first come to our minds i.e gasoline related those are RON and MON gasoline knocking characteristics properties.
I don't want to give octane number definition. here i am trying to explain the importance of the RIP.
But hint: it is _______ of _______ n-heptane(0 ON)+i octane (100 ON) which exactly gives_______ knocking characteristics.
These are nothing but acronym of research octane number (RON) and Motor octane number(MON) which are indication parameters of knocking. These are basically a "standard methods" which are calculated by using different engine speeds,air intake and coolant temperature for finding out ON.
So care will be taken by considering these factors (Engine speed, coolant temperature etc ) - Don't bother about these points refineries will take care based on climatic conditions, there will be difference in gasoline parameters that they release to market called summer gasoline or winter gasoline.
Research method is for city driving (means generally at lower say 600 to 650 rpm ) and Motor method is for highway driving(higher rpm say 1000 rpm).
In US gasoline outlets the values will be stipulated by taking average of these numbers from which we can define another parameter called AKI(Anti knocking index).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gas_Station_Pump_Five_Octane_Ratings.jpg
There are some standards stipulated by ASTM standards on finding out RON and MON.
IS standards you can refer below link:
https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S11/is.1448.26.1960.txt
Some additives will be added to boost up these numbers if that additives contain lead (TEL) the gasoline is called leaded gasoline or leaded petrol. many countries banned because of damage that causes by lead.
other additives like MTBE used which doesn't have lead it is called "unleaded gasoline"
Why additives because straight run gasoline will have an octane number of 60 to 70 but desired number will be 90 to 100 so additives will fill this gap.
Note: Some Unsaturated HC will have high octane number but not preferred because it is prone to gum formation. don't just confuse. good ON will have good amount of saturates (branched chains) with ON boosters....
Regards,
Mohana krishna Chitikena,
QAE(Thermodynamic Studies)
ChE from AU
